The Great Sejm convened by Stanisław II August in 1788 successfully adopted the 3 May Constitution, the first set of modern supreme national laws in Europe. [218] The country's largest firms compose the WIG20 and WIG30 indexes, which is traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. "Tu się w lasy schroniły wygnane ze zbytkowych stołów, narodowe potrawy. ", http://www.markflor.pl/najpopularniejsze-gatunki-drzew-w-polsce/#:~:text=Najpopularniejsze%20polskie%20drzewa%20li%C5%9Bciaste%20to,%2C%20jod%C5%82a%2C%20modrzew%20oraz%20cis, https://www.gospodarz.pl/aktualnosci/lesnictwo/powierzchnia-lesna-wedlug-skladu-gatunkowego-i-klas-wieku-drzewostanow.html#:~:text=2017%2D01%2D10-,W%20Polsce%20dominuj%C4%85%20lasy%20iglaste%2C%20kt%C3%B3re,niemal%2070%25%20powierzchni%20las%C3%B3w%20og%C3%B3%C5%82em&text=Jak%20wynika%20z%20danych%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wnego,oraz%20drzewa%20li%C5%9Bciaste%20%E2%80%93%202869%20tys, "Europe's last bison pose a question: what is truly natural? Śląski Ogród Botaniczny, Mokre 6. In 1894, Prószyński was successful in creating a Pleograph, one of the first cameras in the world. [202], Law enforcement in Poland is performed by several agencies which are subordinate to the Ministry of Interior and Administration – the State Police (Policja), assigned to investigate crimes or transgression; the Municipal City Guard, which maintains public order; and several specialized agencies, such as the Polish Border Guard. Shortly after the armistice with Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). The scope of influence also entailed furniture; rococo Polish beds with canopies became commonplace in French palaces during the 18th century. In 1611, the Tsar of Russia paid homage to the King of Poland. For other uses, see, Many declared more than one ethnic or national identity. Studenci szkół wyższych (łącznie z cudzoziemcami) na dzień 30 XI 2008. In 2013, Poland scored 48 out of 129 states in the Energy Sustainability Index. [173], Poland has a low homicide rate at 0.7 murders per 100,000 people, as of 2018. Pollen is a powdery substance consisting of pollen grains which are male microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce male gametes (sperm cells). [175][176], Abortion is permitted only in cases of rape, incest or when the woman's life is in danger. It covers an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). [388] The philosophical sci-fi novel Solaris is an acclaimed example of Stanisław Lem's literary legacy, whereas The Witcher, a fantasy series by Andrzej Sapkowski, is a much-celebrated work of contemporary Polish fiction. The most renowned star of the silent film era was Polish actress Pola Negri. [378], During the Baroque era, the Jesuits greatly influenced Polish literature and literary techniques, often relying on God and religious matters. [157], The warmest region in Poland is Lower Silesia in the southwest of the country, where temperatures in the summer average between 24 and 32 °C (75 and 90 °F) but can go as high as 34 to 39 °C (93.2 to 102.2 °F) on some days in the warmest months of July and August. The Young Poland movement witnessed the birth of modern Polish art, and engaged in a great deal of formal experimentation led by Jacek Malczewski, Stanisław Wyspiański, Józef Mehoffer, and a group of Polish Impressionists. Die deutschen Streitkräfte griffen am 1. The Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. [343], In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish baroque composers wrote liturgical music and secular compositions such as concertos and sonatas for voices or instruments. The exact time and routes of the original migration and settlement of Slavic peoples lacks written records and can only be defined as fragmented. Kraków 2011, p. 447. [339] Eggs for Holy Sunday are painted and placed in decorated baskets that are previously blessed by clergymen in churches on Easter Saturday. In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. [324], In 2018, the Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ranked Poland's educational system higher than the OECD average; the study showed that students in Poland perform better academically than in most OECD countries. [328], With origins in the customs of the tribal Lechites, over time the culture of Poland has been influenced by its connection to Western culture and trends, as well as developing its own unique traditions such as Sarmatism. [75], World War II began with the Nazi German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, followed by the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September. [414][415] Founded in 1983, Inglot Cosmetics is the country's largest beauty products manufacturer and retailer active in 700 locations worldwide, including retail salons in New York City, London, Milan, Dubai and Las Vegas. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe,1500–1700. Hiking, climbing, skiing and mountain biking and attract numerous tourists every year from all over the world. Around 60% of Poles and Polish citizens reside in urban areas or major cities and 40% in more rural zones. Thomas White International (September 2011), file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Katowice.pdf. Baroque garden Raczyński Park, Rogalin 8… From 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, Cardinal Karol Józef Wojtyła was head of the Roman Catholic Church as Pope John Paul II.[299][300][301]. Poland has around 164,800,000,000 m3 of proven natural gas reserves and around 96,380,000 barrels of proven oil reserves. [94][95], Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews[96][97] – approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry – and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles[98][99][100] were killed during the German occupation of Poland, including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish intelligentsia – academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. Poland's main tourist offerings include outdoor activities such as skiing, sailing, mountain hiking and climbing, as well as agritourism, sightseeing historical monuments. [177] Poland does not criminalize homosexuality, and its legality was confirmed in 1932. [198] The country's national security goal is to further integrate with NATO and European defence, economic, and political institutions. [443], Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to Tomasz Gollob and Bartosz Zmarzlik, highly successful Polish riders. The current president is Andrzej Duda and the prime minister is Mateusz Morawiecki. [69], In 1926, a May coup, led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal Józef Piłsudski, turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan Sanacja (Healing) movement in an effort to prevent radical political organizations on both the left and the right from destabilizing the country. State television operates two mainstream channels, TVP 1 and TVP 2, as well as regional programs for each of the country's 16 voivodeships (as TVP 3). Najwięksi partnerzy handlowi Polski: kto kupuje nasze produkty? [167], The judiciary incorporates a four-tier court system composed of the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, Common Courts (District, Regional, Appellate) and the Military Court. In an effort to strengthen military cooperation with its neighbors, Poland set up the Visegrád Battlegroup with Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia, with a total of 3,000 troops ready for deployment. importers of Poland's 2012 exports, graph. Other early compositions, such as the melody of Bogurodzica and God Is Born (a coronation polonaise tune for Polish kings by an unknown composer), may also date back to this period, however, the first known notable composer, Nicholas of Radom, lived in the 15th century. ", "When Poland Was Nowhere: Foreigners Reflect on the Partitions & a Stateless Nation", Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre, The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II, "Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution". Zwitserland, Bekende Polen of personen van Poolse afkomst. [428], In Poland, there are also daily newspapers like Gazeta Wyborcza ("Electoral Gazette"), Rzeczpospolita ("The Republic") and Gazeta Polska Codziennie ("Polish Daily Newspaper") which provide traditional opinion and news, and tabloids such as Fakt and Super Express. [185][186] Poland was part of the US-led coalition force during the Iraq War in 2003, and sent its troops in the first phase of the conflict, jointly with the United Kingdom and Australia. In 1807, Napoleon I of France temporarily recreated a Polish state as the satellite Duchy of Warsaw, after a successful Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 against Prussian rule. The Palace on the Isle is a chief example of Polish neoclassical architecture. [311][312] In the same year, Poland was also the 15th-largest importer of medications and pharmaceutical products. The new communist government took control with the adoption of the Small Constitution on 19 February 1947. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. The inter-war period heralded in a new era of Polish politics. Weeklies include Tygodnik Angora, W Sieci, Polityka, Wprost, Newsweek Polska, Gość Niedzielny and Gazeta Polska. [383] Joseph Conrad, the son of dramatist Apollo Korzeniowski, came to fame with his English-language novels and stories that are informed with elements of the Polish national experience. [399], The main course usually includes a serving of meat, such as roast, chicken, or kotlet schabowy (breaded pork cutlet), vegetables, side dishes and salads, including surówka [suˈrufka] – shredded root vegetables with lemon and sugar (carrot, celeriac, seared beetroot) or sauerkraut (Polish: kapusta kiszona, pronounced [kaˈpusta kʲiˈʂɔna]). ", "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency", "Intentional Homicide Victims | dataUNODC", "World's Safest Countries Ranked — CitySafe", "Biskupin 'postarzał się' o 200 lat. [124] The largely straight coastline is indented by the Szczecin Lagoon, the Bay of Puck, and the Vistula Lagoon. The team won a gold medal in football at the 1972 Summer Olympics and two silver medals, in 1976 and in 1992. [279][280], According to the 2015 census, 92.9% of all Polish citizens adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. The origin of the name "Poland" derives from the West Slavic tribe of Polans (Polanie), who inhabited the Warta river basin of the present-day Greater Poland region starting in the mid-6th century. Er besteht aus den Pollenkörnern. Global Financial Development Report 2014. The deaf communities use Polish Sign Language belonging to the German family of Sign Languages. However, over time the Russian monarch reduced Polish freedoms, and Russia annexed the country in virtually all but name. [313], The Jagiellonian University founded in 1364 by Casimir III in Kraków was the first institution of higher learning established in Poland, and is one of the oldest universities still in continuous operation. [162], Polish voters elect a bicameral parliament consisting of a 460-member lower house (Sejm) and a 100-member Senate (Senat). [254] However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the most important of these exiles was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France. Tourist destinations include the Baltic Sea coast in the north; the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. Also, Jews and Armenians began to settle and flourish in Poland during this era (see History of the Jews in Poland and Armenians in Poland). Polen (pol. The largest passenger train station in terms of the number of travelers is Wrocław Główny. Some historians estimate that Crimean Tatar slave-raiding cost Poland-Lithuania one million of its population between the years of 1494 and 1694. In the middle of the 13th century, the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty (Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious, ruled 1238–1241) nearly succeeded in uniting the Polish lands, but the Mongols invaded the country from the east and defeated the combined Polish forces at the Battle of Legnica where Duke Henry II the Pious died. The Jagiellon dynasty spanned the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era of Polish history. [333] Medieval and Renaissance cloth halls were once an abundant feature of many towns. [230], Products and goods manufactured in Poland include: electronics, buses and trams (Solaris, Solbus), helicopters and planes (PZL Świdnik, PZL Mielec), trains (Pesa, Newag), ships (Gdańsk Shipyard, Szczecin Shipyard), military equipment (FB "Łucznik" Radom, Bumar-Łabędy, Jelcz), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa), food (Tymbark, Hortex, E. Wedel), clothes (LLP), glass, pottery (Bolesławiec), chemical products and others. The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to 966, when the pagan ruler of a realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland embraced Christianity and converted to Catholicism. [421], The history of Polish cinema is as long as the history of cinematography itself. See for example: Leonid D. Grenkevich in The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, p. 229 or Walter Laqueur in The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology, New York, Charles Scribiner, 1990, p. 233. The leading figure of the Polish Reformation was theologian and writer John Laski, who, with the permission of King Edward VI of England, created the European Protestant Congregation of London in 1550. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer from Toruń, published his epochal work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) and thereby became the first proponent of a predictive mathematical model confirming the heliocentric theory, which became the accepted basic model for the practice of modern astronomy. [303], Medical service providers and hospitals (szpitale) in Poland are subordinate to the Ministry of Health; it provides administrative oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice, and is obliged to maintain a high standard of hygiene and patient care.
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