Since reunification, the commemoration of these political events has lost much of its fervour. L. ist die in der Deutschschweiz übliche Bezeichnung für die schwerste polit. These shots cannot be seen as organized resistance but were panic shootings. Weitere Informationen zum Landesstreik 1918 und den anstehenden Veranstaltungen zum 100.... Jump to Er bildete den Höhepunkt der heftigen sozialen Auseinandersetzungen, die gegen das Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges die Schweiz wie andere europ. The Committee's decision was unanimous, but for the dissent of Grimm and Schneider, a labor leader from Basel. Workers drafted into the military were not compensated for lost wages and soldiers' pay was much lower than industrial workers' wages. The war caused a considerable spike in the price of consumer goods. As the demonstrations reached the city centre, buildings like barracks, police headquarters, ministries, the Stadtschloss, and the Reichstag were occupied. The German capital had remained seemingly calm. September 9, 1918 (Monday) A Red Army force of 8,300 men under command of Mikhail Tukhachevsky attacked the People's Army of Komuch of 11,500 men at Simbirsk, Russia. 100 years after the events, the revolution has mainly become an academic topic. [22] In film, the strike was the subject of the 2018 docufiction Generalstreik 1918: Die Schweiz am Rande eines Bürgerkriegs, directed by Hansjürg Zumstein, which praises the sense of responsibility exhibited both by labor leaders and government officials to avoid a bloodshed.[23]. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11409. [21], The strike did not feature in many works of literary fiction. In 1963, it was incorporated into the building of the GDR’s State Council (Staatsratsgebäude). Abdicazione dell'imperatore d'Austria-Ungheria Carlo I (VIII) d'Asburgo-Lorena, che diviene effettiva il 3 aprile 1919 . Fearing that their leaders would lose control of their supporters, the SPD finally joined in on the morning of 9 November. Lebhafte Unruhe / Beifall / Heiterkeit. Military checkpoints, posts and patrols were visible to everyone and a violent escalation seemed inevitable. In den Kriegsjahren tat sich eine tiefe Kluft … Both feared revolution, bolshevism and civil war. Release Calendar DVD & Blu-ray Releases Top Rated Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Showtimes & Tickets In Theaters Coming Soon Coming Soon … This page was last edited on 13 November 2020, at 09:07. On 7 November the SPD issued an ultimatum to Prince Max, demanding Wilhelm II’s (1859-1941) abdication within 24 hours. The OAK also protested the government's decision. Driven by the revolutionary movement spreading throughout Germany, on 8 November the Stewards called for a general strike in Berlin on the next day. Specifically, the proclamation contained a call for soldiers to ignore orders to shoot workers. [16], On November 12, both chambers of the Swiss legislature assembled for a special session, with some delegates requiring military assistance to reach Berne. At 11am that day, the ceasefire came into effect, finally ending the war. Segnatura:LGM 949 AARB 1. Eventually, moderates prevailed, but in some factories work did not resume until the next Monday. November 1918 Die Revolution erreicht die Reichshauptstadt. 29 1918 type Event Referencing resources. The troops marched into Zurich on November 7. It called for a one-day strike in nineteen cities on November 9, a Saturday. The military called 220,000 men into active service. Whereas in 1948 in West Germany, the thirtieth anniversary of the revolution passed without being noticed, the date in East Germany was staged as a historical landmark. Die deutschen Gewerkschaften nannten den Streik der Bergarbeiter des Ruhrgebiets im Januar 1905 wegen seiner Größe und seiner erheblichen Auswirkungen auf die Güterproduktion im ganzen Land einen „Generalstreik“. [8], This move angered the city's labor organizations who accused the government of seeking to establish a military dictatorship. Nobs was convicted because of a different text he published which was found to be subversive. The Swiss labor movement initially supported the cause of national defense. Fearing that their leaders would lose control of their supporters, the SPD finally joined in on the morning of 9 November. Even workers who might not otherwise have taken part in the strike, particularly those in rural areas, were prevented from commuting to work because trains did not run. November 1918 wird in … The entanglement of national and local events and the simultaneity of a revolution from above and below formed a complex and confusing process of events. In the French-speaking Romandy, strike participation was far lower, because the OAK had less influence there. [9] The strikes remained peaceful. Les signes parmi nous, written by Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz in 1919, tells the story of a Bible salesman who travels throughout Switzerland and is led to believe that the Apocalypse is coming because of the Spanish flu and the general strike. Under the National socialists, 9 November became a date of remembrance for the failed „Beer Hall Putsch“ of 1923. 100 Jahre: Ausrufung der Republik. Jean-Paul Zimmermann's L'étranger dans la ville, written in 1919 but only published in 1931, deals with the way the strike was perceived in the town of Le Locle. Today, 1918/ 1919 is considered as one of several important periods within 20th century German history. Also on 9 November, Zum Recht auf Widerstand in der Schweizerischen Demokratie nach der GSoA-Abstimmung vom 26. In post-1918 Germany, the political right identified the revolution with collapse and defeat and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) with the failure of not having established a socialist state. [13] The Committee issued a proclamation entitled "To the Working People of Switzerland". Altenhöner, Florian: Berlin, 9 November 1918 , in: 1914-1918-online. [7] The troops marched into Zurich on November 7. March 5, 1969. Aside from small factions within the student’s movement, there was no broader interest in the revolution. Novemberrevolution 1918 in Deutschland. November 3, 1918. Die Monarchie und die kaiserliche Regierung wird gestürzt. At this moment, both men were planning a preliminary government under Ebert and von Baden was envisaged as transitional monarch. Three died and more were injured. is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works. Mediateca. La grave crisi che portò la Svizzera sull'orlo della guerra civile. It called for a one-day strike in nineteen cities on November 9, a Saturday. It claimed that economic and political instability could give radicals, particularly foreigners in Zurich, the opportunity to cause disturbances and to attempt a revolution and that the soldiers were needed to maintain order. Degen & Koller 2019, p. 64, Gautschi 1968, p. 9. The inactivity of police and the military determined the peaceful outcome of the revolutionary events. [19], The 1918 general strike was the most significant domestic crisis in Switzerland since the Sonderbund War of 1847 and the formation of the Swiss federal state in 1848. Protesters reassembled on the Milchbuck and were attacked by cavalry bearing sabers, forcing them to flee.[12]. Kantonaler Gewerkschaftsbund St. Gallen (Hrsg. [20], In early 1919, twenty-one leaders were put on trial for incitement to mutiny. [4], In February 1918 at a meeting in Olten, leaders of the Swiss Socialist Party (SPS), the country's labor unions, and the socialist press decided to create the Olten Action Committee (OAK). But it was evident that the outcome of the revolutionary movement would be decided on the streets of the German capital and nobody could foretell if the movement would be marred by military force and if riots would escalate into military dictatorship or civil war. There were no major incidents on the first day of the strike. The events of the day brought the Kaiser’s abdication and the proclamation of a Republic in Berlin. Movies. Armed workers were marching in front of the demonstrations. November 1918 der Generalstreik und der bewaffnete Kampf. With hindsight, the capitulation of Germany at the end of World War Iseems inevitable. Il comitato d’azione fondato a Olten il 4 febbraio 1918, che nei mesi precedenti lo sciopero si era trasformato in un comitato esecutivo di partito e sindacato sotto la spinta del consigliere nazionale socialista Robert Grimm, decise allora di indire per sabato 9 novembre uno sciopero di protesta di ventiquattro ore in 19 centri industriali svizzeri. [10] They only took place in some of the nineteen cities, because labor organizers in the others felt that they had not been given enough time to prepare and consequently did not heed the Committee's call. ), Sabon Verlag, St. Gallen 1998, ISBN 3-907928-19-9, Einleitung und S. 7/8. ", pamphlet, Title page of "Vorwärts", 9 November 1918. Generalstreik 1918 (new title) Generalstreik 1918 - Die Schweiz am Rande eines Bürgerkrieges By The strikes remained peaceful. Revolutionary unrest had begun in Kiel and had spread from there all over Germany. Krise des Bundesstaates, den landesweiten Generalstreik vom November 1918. 50 Jahre: Wahl von Gustav Heinemann zum dritten Bundespräsidenten. 100 Jahre: Waffenstillstand von Compiègne. Her attempts to avoid a two-front war failed in the first weeks of the war. In 2018, the revolution was recognised as the birth of German democracy – among others in a speech by the German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier. 100 Jahre: Generalstreik in Berlin und Märzkämpfe. Generalstreik 1918: Die Schweiz am Rande eines Bürgerkriegs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918_Swiss_general_strike&oldid=988458353, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. All four served their sentences, while the other seventeen defendants were acquitted. The 1918 Swiss general strike (German: Landesstreik) took place from November 12 to 14 and involved around 250,000 workers. They were sentenced to six months in prison. Grimm, Schneider, and Fritz Platten were convicted for their involvement in the publication and dissemination of the pamphlet calling for the general strike. : Praesens-Film, 2018 BZ-Biblioteca cantonale. Average industrial real wages sank by a quarter. The altercations in Zurich forced the OAK to act. German Revolution of 1918-19; Formation of the German Republic; Berlin; Social Democratic Party; Spartacist Group, Protests in Wilhelmshaven, 6 November 1918, "Es lebe die sozialistische Republik“, photograph, German Emperor Wilhelm II crosses the Dutch border before his abdication, November 1918, Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the German Republic, 9 November 1918 (re-staged), Former Kaiser Wilhelm II moves to the Netherlands, caricature, "An das werktätige Volk Baierns! The Spartacists and unions supported this call. Only socialist delegates voted against the measures. With the end of debates about the possibilities of a “third way” between a Soviet-styled and a parliamentary republic, the revolution finally became a “forgotten revolution” (Alexander Gallus) to most academics. Directed by Daniel von Aarburg. At first, they decided on the 4 November as the first day of their coup. The OAK was given an ultimatum to call off the strike by 5 pm on November 13. The last day of World War One was November 11 th 1918, known as Armistice Day. When troops dispersed a crowd on the square Münsterplatz, the resulting disorder left four protesters injured and one soldier dead. A refuge for wounded soldiers and officers of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Karawanken mountain range: It's the first days in November of the year 1918, shortly before the armistice between Austria-Hungary and the Allied Powers. In Berlin beginnt am Morgen des 9. At 2 am of November 14, the Committee and the socialist leadership complied, calling on workers to resume their work on Friday, November 15. The OAK also protested the government's decision. Menu. Learn about 45 famous, scandalous and important events that happened in Nov 1918 or search by date or keyword. [11], In Zurich, however, labor leaders considered the Committee's one-day strike overly cautious and vowed to continue the struggle until the Army withdrew from the city. [17], The strike had already been called off when it claimed its first lives. Finally, the 9 November turned out to be mostly free of violence. By a vote of 136 to 15, the Federal Assembly passed several measures designed to break the strike after two days of debates. In definitiva, lo sciopero del 1918 portò un progressivo miglioramento delle relazioni tra lavoratori e datori di lavoro e alla conclusione di accordi importanti come il contratto collettivo di lavoro. [15], The general strike started as planned on Tuesday, November 12. November 9, 1918 (Saturday) German Revolution – The German Empire formally dissolved : Kaiser Wilhelm II handed supreme command of the army to Paul von Hindenburg and fled to the Netherlands the following day, ending 400 years of rule by the House of Hohenzollern over the Kingdom of Prussia and allowing it to become the Free State of Prussia . The Berlin March Battles of 1919 (German: Berliner Märzkämpfe) were the final decisive phase of the German Revolution of 1918–1919.The events were the result of a general strike by the Berlin working class to enforce the widely anticipated socialization of key industries, as well as the legal safeguarding of the workers' and soldiers' councils and thus the democratization of the military. Also known as the Armistice of Compiègne from the place … In the early years of the Bonner Republik, interpretations of the revolution at first were dominated by anti-communism. reorganizing the military into a people's army. Its members discussed their options in a long and tumultuous meeting. Kazan Operation – Soviet naval forces secured a bridgehead outside of Kazan, Russia while the Red Army attacked on two other fronts around the city. In Zurich and Basel workers were particularly enthusiastic. By the afternoon, the revolutionaries were firmly in control of Berlin and red flags were flying over the capital. It left the door open to social reforms, but insisted they could only be accomplished through legal procedures. The 9 November 1918 was a seminal turning point in German history. The Spartacists and unions supported this call. The other members were Friedrich Schneider and Rosa Bloch as representatives of the SPS and Karl Dürr, Konrad Ilg, August Huggler, and Franz Reichmann as representatives of various labor unions. Its staff, including the mission chief Jan Berzin, were escorted to the German border on November 12. It plays a part in Meinrad Inglin's Schweizerspiegel, which was published in 1938. All in all, eight people lost their lives on this day. That day, on the streets of Berlin, the republic was proclaimed a hundred if not a thousand times. The military proscribed all public demonstrations. At 16:00, Karl Liebknecht (1871-1919), the leading German socialist opponent of the First World War and an influential member of the „Spartacist league”, proclaimed a „free Socialist Republic” from a balcony of the Stadtschloss. These events in Berlin can be best understood as a race to power. The same day, news of the German November Revolution and the toppling of the German Emperor reached Zurich. This move angered the city's labor organizations who accused the government of seeking to establish a military dictatorship. This text On this day, the Republic's first President, Friedrich Ebert, had signed the new German constitution into law. Movies. Lessons drawn from the failure of the revolution were the need to overcome Sozialdemokratismus and to build a socialist “party of a new type”. This meant, of course, that casualties occurred even as the people of Paris, London and New York were celebrating the end of the fighting.
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