[182] Air-raids were conducted as far as Kronstadt near Leningrad, Ismail in Bessarabia, and Sevastopol in the Crimea. The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries. [49], The EU had reportedly offered David Cameron a so-called "emergency brake", which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years. The 2nd Panzer Group would attack Tula and then close on Moscow from the south. [63] Following the 2016 referendum, the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding, owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy, and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary.[64]. Along these lines, the OKH issued Directive No. [189], Czech prime minister Bohuslav Sobotka suggested in February 2016 that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit. Then the Finnish territories east of Lake Ladoga were to be recaptured before the advance along the Karelian Isthmus, including the recapture of Viipuri, commenced. (...) But Russia has nothing to do with Brexit at all. Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies. [352] Historian Hannes Heer relates that in the world of the eastern front, where the German army equated Russia with Communism, everything was "fair game"; thus, rape went unreported unless entire units were involved. Nevertheless, Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it, according to their conscience. The plan had two parts: the Kleine Planung ("small plan"), which covered actions to be taken during the war, and the Große Planung ("large plan"), which covered policies after the war was won, to be implemented gradually over 25 to 30 years. He comes back to South Korea after finishing work abroad. [199] Additional Luftwaffe attacks were carried out against Soviet command and control centers in order to disrupt the mobilization and organization of Soviet forces. "[192] Hitler also addressed the German people via the radio, presenting himself as a man of peace, who reluctantly had to attack the Soviet Union. ", "Teenager who killed Polish man with a punch sentenced to three years", "Polish ex-MP: Juncker right to raise Essex 'hate crime' murder", "Nigel Farage 'blood on his hands' controversy: Media monitor blasts 'sensationalist' BBC", "The BBC's slur has caused my family misery", "Second EU referendum petition investigated for fraud", "Second EU Referendum Petition Started By Leave Voter William Oliver Healey", "Brexit Redux? [290][291] and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included Angela Eagle, Amber Rudd and Nicola Sturgeon, Boris Johnson, Andrea Leadsom, and Gisela Stuart. By 16 July, the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja, achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces. [69] Hitler was convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union,[70] and if they did not, he would use the resources available in the East to defeat the British Empire. As a result of rising ambient radiation levels off-site, a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident. The reason most commonly cited is the unforeseen contingency of invading Yugoslavia in April 1941. [296] The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as in Gibraltar, as a single majority vote. [159] At the same time, Daragh Maher, head of HSBC, suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro. This content is released under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0. [319] The destruction of Army Group Centre, the outcome of Operation Bagration, proved to be a decisive success; additional Soviet offensives against the German Army Groups North and South in the fall of 1944 put the German war machine into retreat. [citation needed] Under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 2000, postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016). [103], The reasons for the postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 (a 38-day delay) are debated. [268] The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on 16 September. [308][309][310][311] With the national turnout of 72% being the highest for a UK-wide referendum, this roughly calculates to 38% of the entire UK population wanting to leave the European Union and roughly 35% wanting to remain in the European Union. At 11 pm GMT on 31 January 2020, the UK officially withdrew from the EU. [311], The Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the conflict, losing huge tracts of territory, and vast losses in men and materiel. 2016/035, L.N. Victory will be ours! The battle lasted for four days, ending in the defeat of the Soviet tank units. [74], The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016; however, this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June, caused by unusually high web traffic. [290] During October and November 1941, over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft arrived along with the Siberian forces to assist in defending the city. On 6 September the first defence line at the Voyta River was breached, but further attacks against the main line at the Verman River failed. [160] Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead, the pound dropped by a further one per cent. [151] However, maintenance and readiness standards were very poor; ammunition and radios were in short supply, and many armoured units lacked the trucks for supplies. [41], In November that year, Cameron gave an update on the negotiations and further details of his aims. Includes only Finnish casualties in Northern Finland during Operation Silver Fox. The city itself was taken on 30 August, along with a broad advance on the rest of the Karelian Isthmus. [15] In spite of the official positions of the Conservative Party and Labour, both parties allowed their MPs to publicly campaign for either side of the issue.[16][17]. [183], Polish President Andrzej Duda lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU. [35] The Nazis' belief in their ethnic superiority pervades official records and pseudoscientific articles in German periodicals, on topics such as "how to deal with alien populations". Space.com is where humanity’s journey to new and exciting worlds is transmitted back down to Earth. [149] Pointing out that languages, plugs and laws differ between EU member states, Dyson said that the 28-country bloc was not a single market, and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU. [261] A recent[when?] Although intended to be concerted, Soviet tank units were sent in piecemeal due to poor coordination. [408], In December 2016, MP Ben Bradshaw speculated in Parliament that Russia may have interfered in the referendum. [219], In the opening hours of the invasion, the Luftwaffe destroyed the Western Front's air force on the ground, and with the aid of Abwehr and their supporting anti-communist fifth columns operating in the Soviet rear paralyzed the Front's communication lines, which particularly cut off the Soviet 4th Army headquarters from headquarters above and below it. [348] It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the EU Commissioner Jean-Claude Juncker who said: "We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed, beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow. [332], There were more than a hundred reports of racist abuse and hate crime in the immediate aftermath of the referendum, with many citing the plan to leave the European Union. On 1 October the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist swept south to encircle the two attacking Soviet armies. [23] The draft Bill stated that the referendum had to be held no later than 31 December 2017. Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans.The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the … [351] Whole units were occasionally involved in the crime with upwards of one-third of the instances being gang rape. The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanized Corps, which engaged the German 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division, where it was defeated by antitank fire and Luftwaffe attacks. The 29th Motorized Division captured Smolensk on 16 July yet a gap remained between Army Group Center. [337], Organized crimes against civilians, including women and children, were carried out on a huge scale by the German police and military forces, as well as the local collaborators. That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donbass and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north. [294] Europe: The Final Debate with Jeremy Paxman was held the following day on Channel 4.[295]. Those who accept his offer of salvation are set free from sin, sorrow, inner emptiness and loneliness. [409] In February 2017, he called on the GCHQ intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference. Half of Army Group Center had swung to the south in the back of the Kiev position, while Army Group South moved to the north from its Dnieper bridgehead. [357] The invasion opened up the Eastern Front, the war's largest theater, which saw clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years and killed 26 million Soviet people, including about 8.6 million Red army soldiers. On 8 August, the Panzers broke through the Soviet defences. [219] The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004–06 period in the semi/unskilled services sector, which is about 7 percentage points. The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising governmental departments; it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads. However, Bock insisted on the order by stating that it would be irresponsible to reverse orders already issued. The offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. The invasion was set for 15 May 1941, though it was delayed for over a month to allow for further preparations and possibly better weather. [190], Christine Lagarde, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad "in and of itself" for the British economy. [323] Also, YouGov found that around 87% of under-25s in 2018 would now vote to stay in the EU. [337] On 26 June, the London office of the Polish Social and Cultural Association was vandalised with graffiti that was initially characterised as a racist hate crime. Finnish attacks on Leningrad itself remained limited. [65] The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015, shortly before the bill's third reading. [55] On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland. [210] On 25 June, the 8th and 11th Armies were ordered to withdraw to the Western Dvina River, where it was planned to meet up with the 21st Mechanized Corps and the 22nd and 27th Armies. [124] In the early 1930s, a modern operational doctrine for the Red Army was developed and promulgated in the 1936 Field Regulations in the form of the Deep Battle Concept. [392][391], In May 2017, The Irish Times reported that £425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the Democratic Unionist Party for spending during the referendum may have originated in Saudi Arabia. [236] The 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dnieper River and closed in on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Group, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north. "[270] That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU. The same night, Pavlov ordered all the remnants of the Western Front to withdraw to Slonim towards Minsk. [251] Scotland, Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU. On 9 July it began its attack towards the Soviet defenses along the Luga River in Leningrad oblast. The Luftwaffe found itself struggling to maintain local air superiority. [211] The Northwestern Front was forced to abandon the river defenses, and on 29 June Stavka ordered the Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line on the approaches to Leningrad. It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the "Remain" vote,[260] when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9% to 48.1% in favour of leaving the European Union. [363] On 26 June 2016, Corbyn sacked Hilary Benn (the shadow foreign secretary) for apparently leading a coup against him. On 4 July 2016 Nigel Farage stood down as the leader of UKIP, stating that his "political ambition has been achieved" following the result of the referendum. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. House of Commons Library BRIEFING PAPER Number 07212, 3 June 2015. ", "How Britain voted at the EU referendum | YouGov", "Leave voters dying and Remainers reaching voting age means majority will soon oppose Brexit, study finds", "How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday… and why", "Not all the 'over 65s' are in favour of Brexit – Britain's wartime generation are almost as pro-EU as millennials", "Young people are gathering at Parliament furious at not being given the vote", "Brexit: How much of a generation gap is there? [143] The second echelon was undetected by German intelligence until days after the invasion commenced, in most cases only when German ground forces bumped into them. [316] The final major German offensive in the Eastern theater of the Second World War took place during July—August 1943 with the launch of Operation Zitadelle, an assault on the Kursk salient. [155] Furthermore, in the autumn of 1939, the Soviets disbanded their mechanized corps and partly dispersed their tanks to infantry divisions;[156] but following their observation of the German campaign in France, in late-1940 they began to reorganize most of their armored assets back into mechanized corps with a target strength of 1,031 tanks each. [354] Historian Birgit Beck emphasizes that military decrees, which served to authorize wholesale brutality on many levels, essentially destroyed the basis for any prosecution of sexual offenses committed by German soldiers in the East. By the end of August, 4th Panzer Group had penetrated to within 48 kilometres (30 miles) of Leningrad. [42][43], The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016. [200][201] In contrast, Soviet artillery observers based at the border area had been under the strictest instructions not to open fire on German aircraft prior to the invasion. [44] On economic governance, anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced, but they would be unable to veto any legislation. [395] The company donated £2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU. [248], Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes. Where we vicariously explore the cosmos with astronauts, astrophysicists and … [76], Nottingham City Council emailed a Vote Leave supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true, and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted was, indeed, correct. [307] The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum, and the highest for any national vote since the 1992 general election. The Act was, in turn, confirmed, enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar),[62] which was passed by the Gibraltar Parliament and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the Governor of Gibraltar on 28 January 2016. [235] According to Simon Wessely, head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London – neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, willing to speak out. [77][k] The floods may have discouraged an earlier attack, even if they occurred before the end of the Balkans Campaign. Johnson then extended the negotiation period again until 31 January. The army group's ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers. "[360] The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July. The northern section, which contained the army group's only panzer group, was in southern Poland right next to Army Group Center, and the southern section was in Romania. ", Flooding was so bad that Guderian wrote: "The Balkans Campaign had been concluded with all the speed desired, and the troops there engaged which were now needed for Russia were withdrawn according to plan and very fast. With Soviet resistance breaking down, the Finns were able to encircle Viipuri by advancing to the Vuoksi River. ", "A delay was almost certainly inevitable given that the late spring thaw had swelled and in some cases flooded the major waterways, impeding mobile operations over the sodden ground." The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France. The result would then be facilitated through the European Union Referendum Act 2015 and also the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. [408] After the referendum result Putin said that Brexit brought "positives and negatives". In January 2016, Nigel Farage and the Leave.EU campaign became part of the Grassroots Out movement, which was borne out of infighting between Vote Leave and Leave.EU campaigners. [75] In their calculations, they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Red Army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic states, Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus, have to be defended. [75] According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission, almost 46.5 million people were eligible to vote. He described its meaning as "about people moaning … [229] On the same day, some of the infantry corps of the 9th and 4th Armies, having sufficiently liquidated the Białystok pocket, resumed their march eastward to catch up with the panzer groups. In the south, the 2nd Panzer Group was being blocked. [49] Himmler believed the Germanization process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood". [322] Additionally according to YouGov, only 54% of 25- to 49-year-olds voted 'remain', whilst 60% of 50- to 64-year-olds and 64% of over-65s voted 'leave', meaning that the support for 'remain' was not as strong outside the youngest demographic. [321] The war ended with the total defeat and capitulation of Nazi Germany in May 1945. la 1601/41 on 22 September 1941, which accorded Hitler's plans. [76] [349] The Wehrmacht planned to seal off Leningrad, starve out the population, and then demolish the city entirely. [242][243] Besides the psychological importance of capturing the Soviet capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production, the center of the Soviet communications system and an important transport hub. 2, which announced the invasion to the Soviet Armed Forces, and called on them to attack Axis forces wherever they had violated the borders and launch air strikes into the border regions of German territory. Cameron was succeeded by Theresa May on 13 July 2016. The Nazis often emphasized the Soviet regime's brutality when targeting the Slavs with propaganda. [270], After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded, Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbass region and the Crimea. [143], At the start of the invasion, the manpower of the Soviet military force that had been mobilized was 5.3–5.5 million,[2][144] and it was still increasing as the Soviet reserve force of 14 million, with at least basic military training, continued to mobilize. Britain Stronger in Europe became the official group campaigning for the UK to remain in the EU, and was endorsed by the Prime Minister David Cameron and Chancellor George Osborne. [213] The German 1st Panzer Group and 6th Army attacked and broke through the Soviet 5th Army. [359] Home Secretary Theresa May made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader (and hence as Prime Minister) on 30 June: "The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict. The Labour Party also faced a leadership challenge as a result of the EU referendum. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group, diverted from Army Group Center, had crossed the Desna River with 2nd Army on its right flank. On 7 September, Finnish forward units reached the Svir River. [318] Employing increasingly ambitious and tactically sophisticated offensives, along with making operational improvements in secrecy and deception, the Red Army was eventually able to liberate much of the area which the Germans had previously occupied by the summer of 1944. [120], The German forces in the rear (mostly Waffen-SS and Einsatzgruppen units) were to operate in conquered territories to counter any partisan activity in areas they controlled, as well as to execute captured Soviet political commissars and Jews. [324] Opinion polling by Lord Ashcroft Polls found that Leave voters believed leaving the EU was "more likely to bring about a better immigration system, improved border controls, a fairer welfare system, better quality of life, and the ability to control our own laws", while Remain voters believed EU membership "would be better for the economy, international investment, and the UK's influence in the world". Guidelines by the Charity Commission for England and Wales that forbid political activity for registered charities have limited UK health organizations' commentary on EU poll, according to anonymous sources consulted by the Lancet. [334] Others[who?] Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon, however, the weather worsened. [157][156] Soviet tank units were rarely well equipped, and they lacked training and logistical support. The referendum resulted in 51.9% of the votes cast being in favour of leaving the EU. The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. It extended to include and take legislative effect in Gibraltar,[60][61] and received royal assent on 17 December 2015. [216] In May 2016, Carney said that a "technical recession" was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU. [265] The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work. [306], The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 BST by then-Electoral Commission Chairwoman Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. Instead, it was designed to gauge the electorate's opinion on EU membership. [41] These were: additional immigration controls, especially for citizens of new EU member states; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws; new free-trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses; a lessening of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on British police and courts; more power for individual member states, and less for the central EU; and abandonment of the EU notion of "ever closer union". [146], Richard Branson stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU. [220] By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured. However, when the result for Sunderland was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Corbyn won the contest, with a larger share of the vote than in 2015. [322], While the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, Germany had signed the treaty and was thus obligated to offer Soviet POWs humane treatment according to its provisions (as they generally did with other Allied POWs).
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