[123] The American feminist Harriet Connor Brown in a letter to the State Department written in early 1921 accused Senegalese soldiers of rape, attempted rape, "immoral crimes against boys" and of forcing German officials in the Rhineland to open brothels for their benefit. meeting calls upon the League of Nations to prohibit the importation into Europe for warlike purposes of troops belonging to primitive peoples."[31]. I do not protest because I happen to be a Negro...I write because I feel that the ultimate result of your propaganda will be further strife and blood-spilling between whites and the many members of my race...who have been dumped down on the English docks since the ending of the European war...Bourbons of the United States will thank you, and the proletarian underworld of London will certainly gloat over the scoop of the Christian-Socialist pacifist Daily Herald. [109], Finally, Kreutzer used Die Schwarze Schmach as a way of attacking the Social Democrats as group of working class characters in the Rhineland in the novel ultimately abandoned the SPD as they find it is only right-wing leaders like Yrsch who can create the Volksgemeinschaft that will allow Germany to stand up to France. Der instrumentale Charakter der Kampagne gegen die „Schwarze Schmach'1. [20] As Morel was a man whose left-wing "credentials were unimpeachable" as he had gone to prison for opposing British involvement in the First World War, his articles attracted much attention both in Britain and abroad. Drücken Sie auf Spenden und werden Sie ein Unterstützer. [82] Beveridge usually began her speeches with the remark: "Why do I come here, an American, to speak to you about the Schwarze Schmach ["black shame"]? [92] At the time, Beveridge had said in a speech that Hitler together with General Erich Ludendorff were her “German heroes”. Als die Zusammenarbeit mit Galeen und Wegener beendet war, kehrte Boese zum Kolportagefilm zurück; mit dem Film Die schwarze Schmach (1921) inszenierte er sogar einen rassistischen, antifranzösischen Propagandafilm. In June 1919 Philipp Scheidemann, the first democratically elected Chancellor of Germany, resigned when faced with the Allied ultimatum that it should be signed with none of the changes the German government had requested. EUR 29.90, paper, ISBN 978-3-89691-651-8. [44] The third edition of The Horror on the Rhine featured endorsed by the former German chancellor Prince Max of Baden; Jean Longuet of the French Socialist Party; four Socialist members of the Italian parliament; and General C. B. [49], In October 1920, a debate took place at a conference of Protestant clergymen at the World Ecumenical Conference in Geneva, when a Lutheran pastor from Germany asked the conference to condemn the "black horror". [106] Marlene von Yrsch is a symbol of not only Germany, but also of the white race in general, marking out the all that was beautiful in the world vs. the hideously deformed bodies of the Senegalese, Moroccan and Vietnamese soldiers serving in the French Army. filmportal.de - die führende Plattform für umfassende und zuverlässige Informationen zu allen deutschen Kinofilmen - von den Anfängen bis heute. [91] For Beveridge, the purity of the Volkskörper was so important that any man who did not fight against the "black horror" was not only a “slacker” and “traitor of his country”, but also a “traitor against the white race.”[91] Beveridge often spoke of her "shame" for the “German race” who was not willing “to protect” the “honour” of its women from the Fremdkörper (alien body) that was now threatening the Volkskörper in the Rhineland. [40], A reporter for The Nation, Lewis Gannett, who went to the Rhineland to investigate the allegations found them to be mostly false. Die Schwarze Schmach, published as an installment nove11923 in the Rheische Beobachter. Marokko – Coronavirus – Pandemie lässt Internetnutzung um 155% steigen. Rape is rape; the colour of the skin doesn't make it different. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2006. Marokko – 5.214 Coronavirus SARS-COV 2 Neuinfektionen. [53] An interesting exception was when Canadian newspaper The British Columbia Federationist ran an article in October 1920 titled "France Creates Hell West of the Rhine", accusing the Senegalese soldiers of committing "numberless outrages against women and girls". They are brutes when stationed among white people, as the evidence shows". Diagne represented the Four Communes, the four oldest colonial towns in French West Africa which had won the right to send deputies to the Chamber of Deputies following the 1848 revolution. [114] Wigger suggested that Kreutzer was using his racism as a way of uniting all Germans together as the working class characters find the question of racial purity more important than their wages, working conditions and standards of living, and at one point a union official says that every working-class family must be opposed to "mad strikes and Communist agitations" that weaken the unity of the German nation. Die schwarze Schande or Die schwarze Schmach ("the Black Shame" or "the Black Disgrace") were terms used by right-wing press as German nationalist propaganda in opposition to these events. [105], Lampré rejects his French lover, a licentious dancer and a "worldly little animal" whose "soulless chirping voices" and overt sexuality he finds repulsive for the more wholesome and German figure of Marlene von Yrsch. Die schwarze Schande or Die schwarze Schmach ("the Black Shame" or "the Black Disgrace") were terms used by right-wing press as German nationalistpropaganda in oppositi… Take up the natural arms which our men from the South resort: lynch! [61] Morel believed that Africans were far closer to nature than Europeans and as such, the Africans had “the uneducated soul of the savage” and were not up to the demands of modern industrial society. This will continue subconsciously and subcutaneously whatever happens-even though France possesses an overpowering army and the Germans have no organised means of resistance". Die Kampagne erreichte zwischen 1920 und 1923 ihren Höhepunkt, verstummte allerdings auch bis 1930 nicht. [129] In a speech given in Darmstadt on 13 February 1923, the Social Democratic German president Friedrich Ebert said: "daß die Verwendung farbiger Truppen niederster Kultur als Aufseher über eine Bevölkerung von der hohen geistigen und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung der Rheinländer eine herausfordernde Verletzung der Gesetze europäischer Zivilisation ist" ("the use of troops of the lowest culture over the population of the highest spiritual and economic importance in the Rhineland is a challenging violation of the laws of European civilization"). [74] Throughout his speeches and essays, Nitti drew a contrast between Europeans who constituted civilization vs Africans who represented barbarism. Wenig später ging sie für drei Jahre nach München und trat in die Dienste der Emelka. [121] From the viewpoint of the Rhinelanders the obsession with relationships between German women and non-white French soldiers was highlighting an aspect of the French occupation that was not to their advantage, and many of the groups like the Rheinische Frauenliga that at first promoted the stories chose to downplay them as the 1920s went on. Children of mixed parentage were known as Rhineland Bastards. Juli 1958 in Berlin-Charlottenburg) war ein deutscher Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor und Produzent. [51] In June 1921, Beveridge gave a speech at the Sagebiel Hall in Hamburg attended by some 50, 000 people during she accused the Senegalese of raping thousands of German women and girls since they had arrived in the Rhineland. seitens der Franzosen hervorrief. [23] Given Morel's views about the Senegalese and his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, he was predisposed to believe any horror story that might come out of the Rhineland. [129] At the same time, the last American occupation troops had been withdrawn from the Rhineland in January 1923, which meant that courting American public opinion was less important. By the evening of 6 November, two hundred German revolutionaries had reached the city of Cologne, where they joined local workers and soldiers to establish a Workers and Soldiers' Council, along the lines of the Russian soviets. [20] The next day another front-page article by Morel had the title: "Black Scourge In Europe Sexual Horror Let Loose by France On Rhine Disappearance of Young German Girls". [14] The stationing of Senegalese troops in the Rhineland had tapped into these fears. [33] Morel predicated the "black horror" would cause another world war, writing that the average German boy was thinking: "Boys these men raped your mothers and sisters" (emphasis in the original) . An avowed white supremacist, Beveridge sought to impute the worse about black men, saying in one speech: "Victims of the promiscuous passions of the blacks are found half dead in meadows and ditches, their clothes in tatters, their delicate young bodies torn by the brutality of the attacks. In the far Right, exemplified in party political terms by the DNVP and by some within the Bavarian BVP, there existed a deep desire to return to past authoritarian certainty, a past that was idealised in the imagination. [17] The African-American historian Clarence Lusance accused Morel of leading "one of the most racist political campaigns to be launched in the first half of the 20th century".,[17] though it was not perceived that way at the time by Morel's left-wing colleagues. The levée en masse or forced mass military conscription was introduced in 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars. Marokko – Zahl der täglichen Neuinfektionen auf gleichbleibendem Niveau. April 2021 wahrscheinlich. 347 pp. Negroes are no more over-sexed than Caucasians; mulatto children in the West Indies and America were not the result of parthenogenesis. [92] Beveridge later on in the 1930s renounced her U.S. citizenship to become a German citizen, joined the NSDAP, and was a well known "admirer of Hitler"."[93]. [20] Under the front-page of The Daily Herald on 9 April 1920, there was a cover story reporting on the occupation of Frankfort by Morel whose title read: "Frankfurt runs red with blood French Blood Troops Use Machine-guns on Civilians". [46] Locke also interviewed the soldiers of the French Army, which he praised as a multi-racial force when skin color did not matter, and stated the morale of the Senegalese was holding up well. [124] The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom issued a statement condemning the "black horror on the Rhine" that was signed by all 25 of its white members of its central committee, and the only one who refused to sign was the lone African-American on the central committee, Mary Terrell, who refused to sign a statement that was a "direct appeal to race prejudice". [22], In his 1919 book The Black's Man Burden, Morel had denounced the mandate system of the Treaty of Versailles for the former German colonies Africa, writing that black people could not survive "modern capitalist exploitation". [133] In his 1930 book The Myth of the 20th Century, Alfred Rosenberg denounced France for "contributing to the dehumanization of Europe by the means of blacks, just as had done by introducing Jewish emancipation 140 years ago". The movie "Die Schwarze Schmach," produced by a company in Munieh, was not widely distributed, except in South America, since the Foreign Ministry feared a severe bacldash to this extremely emde form of November 2020.. Dominik Wesselys neueste Dokumentation „Sie nannten sie die Kinder der Schande“ (Erstausstrahlung: 10.11., Arte) widmet sich einer Geschichte, die einhundert Jahre zurückliegt, in ihrer Vermischung aus Fake News und Propaganda aber erstaunlich zeitgemäß ist. [47] Two weeks later, the Christian Science Monitor retracted the editorial after receiving a letter from the French consul in Koblenz who showed that the total number of Senegalese in the Rhineland were 5 000, not the 50, 000 alleged by the Christian Science Monitor; that there had been a total of 13 reported cases of rape of German women by the Senegalese, not the thousands alleged by the CSM; and that in all 13 cases, the rapists had been sentenced to death after being convicted with the consul noting sharply that the French Army did not tolerate rapists in its ranks. The workers, alike in Britain, France, and Italy will be ill-advised if they allow it to pass in silence because today the victims happen to be German.”[68] Morel used the alleged massive sexual violence committed against women in the Rhineland as a call for racial togetherness, writing it was in the interests of all white peoples to assist Germany with revising the terms of Versailles which permitted the "black horror on the Rhine". [107] When Marlene rejects his advances, calling him a "half-civilized savage" with "all the arrogance of her race", he becomes obsessed with raping her in revenge. [103] Lampré's industrialist father is portrayed as blinded by greed and he has to decide to support Rhenish separatism out of the potential to make millions from working with the French. Marokko – Coronavirus: „Gesundheitskarte“ ist bei Einreise auszufüllen. [16] Schnell werden vor allem die Männer aus Afrika zur Zielscheibe einer Hetzkampagne, die unter dem Begriff "Die schwarze Schmach" weltweit für Schlagzeilen sorgt. [17] E.D. [106] By contrast, Captain Mustapha Hassan is portrayed as a sexual predator with "primitively carved features" and a "brutal" sexuality, an ugly man with beady lips who "bites like an animal" at the sight of Marlene. [91] At the time of the Munich Beerhall putsch, Beveridge came out in support for the National Socialists, declaring it “an enormous honor” to mobilise, together with her German husband, “the Chiemgau for Adolf Hitler”. Die schwarze Mamba ist ein Thriller aus dem Jahr 1981 von Tobe Hooper und Piers Haggard mit Klaus Kinski, Oliver Reed und Nicol Williamson. Likewise, the African soldiers of the French Army had played a significant role in the defeat of the Imperial German Army in the Second Battle of the Marne. The success of the Putsch would open up a possibility of a recommencement of the First World War, a fact not lost on Marshal Foch. However, their presence which lasted until July 1919 did not cause great upset. [48] The Canadian historian Peter Campbell noted that the "fascinating aspect" was that there were no letters to the editor of the British Columbia Federationist expressing either approval or disapproval; which he noted was odd given the way in which the article appealed to the prejudices in the most base way, suggesting that the largely white, working-class readers of British Columbia Federationist did not approve of the anti-black message. Als „Schwarze Schmach“ (auch „Schwarze Schande“) wird eine hauptsächlich von Deutschland ausgehende, internationale Kampagne gegen den Einsatz französischer Kolonialtruppen (darunter Senegalesen und Turkos) während der Alliierten Rheinlandbesetzung bezeichnet. [3] He argued that as Germany had a greater population and a higher birth rate than France in the early 20th century this meant that the German Army was always going to be larger than the French Army. [2], Under the terms of the armistice which ended the fighting on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, the Allies had the right to occupy the Rhineland, and during the negotiations the Germans had specifically demanded that no Senegalese be included in the French occupation force. Ein Passwort wird Ihnen per Email zugeschickt. I use the significant film against colonial soldiers, Die schwarze Schmach (The Black Shame, 1921), to highlight the tensions and pitfalls of the German propagandistic strategy. [14] A recurring theme of German complaints against the Senegalese was that Germany had now been "colonized" by Africans. an die Spitze der „great chain of being“9 und erschuf dadurch ein Ranking, dass auf der Abweichung zur vollkommenen zentraleuropäischen Rasse basierte. Ein Film von: ... die unter dem Begriff „Die schwarze Schmach“ weltweit für Schlagzeilen sorgt. Literatur. Merke dir den Film jetzt vor und wir benachrichtigen dich, sobald er verfügbar ist. [128] Otto Wiefeldt, the German ambassador in Washington asked that his superiors supply him with "current information preferably with sensational details" as he noted that the stories about the "black horror on the Rhine" were winning over American public opinion to a pro-German position. [131] In January 1925, the French pulled out of the northern Rhineland and by this time there were hardly any "colored" troops by the Rhine. [104] Kreutzer accuses France of seeking to "undermine the nation's health" by allowing African soldiers to "rape and defile" German women, who are portrayed as virtuous, wholesome and chaste symbols of German racial purity, blessed with the sacred task of bearing the next generation of Germans. [74] Nitti wrote the Senegalese were guilty of "any form of violence and crime" as their "yesterday the representatives of cannibalistic races" whom were now occupying the "country of the greatest thinkers in Europe". [84], Beveridge's speeches were well attended and are described in contemporary newspaper reports as being greeted with huge applause, but others involved in the "black horror" campaign like Margarete Gärtner, the chairwoman of the Rheinische Frauenliga, regarded Beveridge as a liability as she was prone to making exaggerated and false claims in her speeches that were easily rebutted by the French. Another supporting character is Lampré, the son of a Rhineland industrialist and a Rhenish separatist who initially collaborates with the French, but sees the error of his ways when confronted with the "black horror" and in the climax of the novel saves Yrsch's daughter from being raped by a "mulatto" French Army officer by killing him. The colonial troops referred to were soldiers from Senegal, Vietnam, and Madagascar. Oktober 1920 heiratete Grete Hollmann den Filmregisseur Carl Boese, mit dem sie den Fridericus-Rex-Film Die Tänzerin Barberina drehte. Die Schwarze Schmach, die weiße Schande, Berlin 1922; The Black Evil. [96] Yrsch complains about the weak Emperor who abdicated and left into exile while leaving his 70 million loyal subjects "in the abyss". Carl Eduard Hermann Boese (* 26. Along with phrases like "the black scourge" and "black horror", these terms were used by campaigners in different countries beyond Germany, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, United States. Liste über Fälle, die sich auf planmäßige Ermordung und Mißhandlung einer größeren Zahl von deutschen Kriegsgefangenen durch farbige Truppen beziehen, Auswärtiges Amt, Berlin 1919; Ray Beveridge:. Schnell werden diese Männer zur Zielscheibe einer Hetzkampagne, die unter dem Begriff „Die schwarze Schmach“ weltweit für Schlagzeilen sorgt. His was succeeded as Chancellor by Gustav Bauer. Juni 2021. The Black Horror on the Rhine refers to a moral panic which was aroused in Germany and elsewhere concerning allegations of widespread crimes, especially sexual crimes, said to be committed by Senegalese and other African soldiers serving in the French Army during the French occupation of the Rhineland between 1918-1930. The vast majority of these troops came from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, with significantly smaller contingents hailing from Indochina, Madagascar, and Senegal. [103] In another important scene, Lampré confronts his Rhenish separatist father to tell him that he "wants to be German again" rather than associate with the "niggers" of France. Druckversion der Rezension:. When reports of this reached Wilhelm Groener, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Imperial German Army, he no longer supported Wilhelm II's plan to instigate a civil war, but rather joined the call of Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD) for the Kaiser to abdicate. [117] He and his bride enjoy a brief moment of happiness as they "raved and kissed" by the banks of the river Rhine and sing the song Lovers by the Rhine; subsequently an attempt to escape the Rhineland ends with Marlene being killed while Lampré who once rejected German nationalism sees it is too late for him and that his "treason" for having served France can never be fully redeemed. [128], However, the French occupation of the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 caused the Auswärtige Amt to lose interest in the "black horror on the Rhine" story. [65], Morel was very anti-French not only because of his opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, but because of the nature of France's mission civilisatrice ("civilizing mission") in Africa whereby any African who was willing to embrace the French language and culture would become French and theoretically the equal of whites, which threatened to upend Morel's beliefs in the essential biological inferiority of blacks. [57] Author and historian Norman Angell in his 1921 book The Fruits of Victory wrote the worse aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was the stationing of the Senegalese in the Rhineland. '[32], Morel's article received much attention and 50,000 Swedish women signed a petition which was presented at the French Embassy in Stockholm asking the French to withdraw their "savage" Senegalese soldiers from the Rhineland. [100] To humiliate Yrsch, the French demand they be allowed to open a brothel on the grounds of his estate to be operated by his daughter Marlene. [81] Beveridge, who was well known for her exaggerated claims and a speaking style that sought to appeal to the worse prejudices in her audience, often spoke about the "mindless blacks" with "enormous sex drives and unrestrained passion" who allegedly would attack "white women, white girls, white youth, often old people and even children". France by itself would have been overrun by Germany in less than four weeks without being able to offer any serious resistance". It must act everywhere and at every moment against the French interloper. Because I come from a nation that ever since it came into being has been threatened by black and yellow problems and the black and yellow peril!...I appeal to women in the world! Falls Sie lieber digital fernsehen: 3sat bietet online auch einen Livestream an. The Black Horror on the Rhine refers to a moral panic which was aroused in Germany and elsewhere concerning allegations of widespread crimes, especially sexual crimes, said to be committed by Senegalese and other African soldiers serving in the French Army during the French occupation of the Rhineland between 1918-1930. [113] The novel repeatedly hammers home the point that only if the German people are united as one in the form of the Volksgemeinschaft can Germany recover from the defeat of 1918, and throughout the novel Germans are of all classes are seen as victimized by the French and their "colored" troops. The "colored" troops in the Rhineland were conscripts from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Madagascar and Vietnam. [103] In an important symbolic moment, when Captain Hassan tries to rape Yrsch's daughter and Lampré comes to her defense, Hassan's white chauffeur fires a shot at him with his revolver that instead shoots off a finger of a statue of Christ in front of a church, thereby showing the French have turned their backs on Christian Europe. [40] Dresel wrote nearly all of the stories about atrocities were untrue and General Allen praised the "good discipline" of the Senegalese. [122] Liberal American journals like The Nation and The New Republic ran several articles debunking the claims of "the black horror on the Rhine", showing that there were relatively few cases of rape by the Senegalese soldiers. [133] In a 1928 speech, Hitler ranted against the "de-Germanization, Negrification and Judaization of our people". [129] For most Germans, the French occupation of the Ruhr was a sufficiently "heinous crime against the peace" that there was no need to embellish it with "black horror" stories. [128] In a speech, Senator Hitchcock declared about the Senegalese: "They are men of an inferior, half-civilized race. One of the products of the French Revolution was a concept of the nation linked to citizenship and military service.
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